Wednesday, 30 September 2015

All about sql

Cursor
in sql server is used to retrieve set of data from table, loop through each record row by row, and modify the values based on requirements.

Declare ex_cursor Cursor
for select userid,username from employee
declare @userid int
declare @username varchar(50)
open ex_cursor
fetch next from ex_cursor into @userid,@username
while @@FETCH_STATUS=0
begin
print (cast(@userid as varchar(5)) + '-' + @username)
fetch next from ex_cursor into @userid,@username
end
close ex_cursor
deallocate ex_cursor

STORED PROCEDURE
a) Stored procedure allows modular programming.
b) b) Stored Procedure allows faster execution.
c) c) Stored Procedure can reduce network traffic.
d) d) Stored procedures provide better security to your data.

create procedure sp_employee
AS
BEGIN
select * from  Employee where UserId=1
END

exec sp_Employee

drop procedure sp_employee

FUNCTION
used to reduce redundancy of query  or avoid joins.

create function getusername
(@userid int)
returns varchar(50)
as
begin
declare @name varchar(50)
select @name=username from Employee where UserId=@userid
return @name
end
select * from Employee where UserName=dbo.getusername(1)







Thursday, 18 September 2014

learn programming in c language

Introduction
C language Developed in 1972 in Bell Laboratories.
Purpose is to develop Unix oprating system.
High level language
Extension is .c

Use of C:
Operating system.
Text Editor
DataBase
Modern program
Language compiler


/* This is comment
Is multiline
 */
//single line comment

Simple Program.
#include<stdio.h> 
Int main()
{
Printf(“hello world \n”);
Return 0;
}


DataTypes
Char : for character
int : for integer number
float : for decimal values
double : float * 2

Variable :Name given to memory location


Int   number   =   10 ;

Int
Number
10
DataType
Variable
value


Functions:
Int function();

int main()
{
int i = function();
printf(“value is: %d \n”i);
}

Int function()
{
Return 0;
}



Operator: Symbol that tell compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical operation.
Arithmetic 


Arithmetic Operators:


Operator
Description
Example
+
Adds two operands
A + B will give 30
-
Subtracts second operand from the first
A - B will give -10
*
Multiply both operands
A * B will give 200
/
Divide numerator by denumerator
B / A will give 2
%
Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division
B % A will give 0
++
Increment operator, increases integer value by one
A++ will give 11
--
Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one
A-- will give 9

Increment and decrement operators:


Let a=5 and b=10
a++;  //a becomes 6
a--;  //a becomes 5
++a;  //a becomes 6
--a;  //a becomes 5 

Logical Operator:

Operator
Description
Example
&&
Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then condition becomes true.
(A && B) is false.
||
Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then condition becomes true.
(A || B) is true.
!
Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make false.
!(A && B) is true.

Assignment Operators:


Operator
Example
Same as
=
a=b
a=b
+=
a+=b
a=a+b
-=
a-=b
a=a-b
*=
a*=b
a=a*b
/=
a/=b
a=a/b
%=
a%=b
a=a%b

Relational Operators


Operator
Description
Example
==
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A == B) is not true.
!=
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.
(A != B) is true.
> 
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A > B) is not true.
< 
Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A < B) is true.
>=
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A >= B) is not true.
<=
Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A <= B) is true.

Bitwise Operators:


Operators
Meaning of operators
&
Bitwise AND
|
Bitwise OR
^
Bitwise exclusive OR
~
Bitwise complement
<< 
Shift left
>> 
Shift right












Programs : 

Write a program to calculate area of rectangle use #define preprocessor?
#include<stdio.h>
#define length 10
#define width 5

Void  main()
{
Int area;
Area=length * width;
Printf(“value of area is %d”,area);
}



Write a program to swap two numbers?
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
      float a, b, temp;
      printf("Enter value of a: ");
      scanf("%f",&a);
      printf("Enter value of b: ");
      scanf("%f",&b);
      temp = a;    /* Value of a is stored in variable temp */
      a = b;       /* Value of b is stored in variable a */
      b = temp;    /* Value of temp(which contains initial value of a) is stored in variable b*/
      printf("\nAfter swapping, value of a = %.2f\n", a);
      printf("After swapping, value of b = %.2f", b);
      return 0;

}

Write a program to  Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd?
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
      int num;
      printf("Enter an integer you want to check: ");
      scanf("%d",&num);
      if((num%2)==0)      /* Checking whether remainder is 0 or not. */
           printf("%d is even.",num);
      else
           printf("%d is odd.",num);
      return 0;
}

Write a program to  Check Whether a Character is Vowel or consonant?

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
  char c;
  printf("Enter an alphabet: ");
  scanf("%c",&c);
  if(c=='a'||c=='A'||c=='e'||c=='E'||c=='i'||c=='I'||c=='o'||c=='O'||c=='u'||c=='U')
       printf("%c is a vowel.",c);
  else
       printf("%c is a consonant.",c);
  return 0;
}

Check Leap Year?
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
      int year;
      printf("Enter a year: ");
      scanf("%d",&year);
      if(year%4 == 0)
      {
          if( year%100 == 0) /* Checking for a century year */
          {
              if ( year%400 == 0)
                 printf("%d is a leap year.", year);
              else
                 printf("%d is not a leap year.", year);
          }
          else
             printf("%d is a leap year.", year );
      }
      else
         printf("%d is not a leap year.", year);
      return 0;
}

Calculate Sum of Natural Numbers?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int n, count, sum=0;
    printf("Enter an integer: ");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    count=1;
    while(count<=n)       /* while loop terminates if count>n */
    {
        sum+=count;       /* sum=sum+count */
        ++count;
    }
    printf("Sum = %d",sum);
    return 0;
}

Find the Largest Number Among Three Numbers?

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
      float a, b, c;
      printf("Enter three numbers: ");
      scanf("%f %f %f", &a, &b, &c);
      if(a>=b && a>=c)
         printf("Largest number = %.2f", a);
      if(b>=a && b>=c)
         printf("Largest number = %.2f", b);
      if(c>=a && c>=b)
         printf("Largest number = %.2f", c);
      return 0;
}

Check Character is an alphabet or not?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    char c;
    printf("Enter a character: ");
    scanf("%c",&c);
    if( (c>='a'&& c<='z') || (c>='A' && c<='Z'))
       printf("%c is an alphabet.",c);
    else
       printf("%c is not an alphabet.",c);
    return 0;
}

Check Whether a Number is Positive or Negative or Zero.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    float num;
    printf("Enter a number: ");
    scanf("%f",&num);
    if (num<=0)
    {
        if (num==0)
          printf("You entered zero.");
        else
          printf("%.2f is negative.",num);
    }
    else
      printf("%.2f is positive.",num);
    return 0;
}

Generate Multiplication Table?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int n, i;
    printf("Enter an integer to find multiplication table: ");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    for(i=1;i<=10;++i)
    {
        printf("%d * %d = %d\n", n, i, n*i);
    }
    return 0;
}

Reverse an Integer?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
  int n, reverse=0, rem;
  printf("Enter an integer: ");
  scanf("%d", &n);
  while(n!=0)
  {
     rem=n%10;
     reverse=reverse*10+rem;
     n/=10;
  }
  printf("Reversed Number = %d",reverse);
  return 0;
}

 Check Palindrome Number?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
  int n, reverse=0, rem,temp;
  printf("Enter an integer: ");
  scanf("%d", &n);
  temp=n;
  while(temp!=0)
  {
     rem=temp%10;
     reverse=reverse*10+rem;
     temp/=10;
  } 
/* Checking if number entered by user and it's reverse number is equal. */ 
  if(reverse==n) 
      printf("%d is a palindrome.",n);
  else
      printf("%d is not a palindrome.",n);
  return 0;
}

 Check Prime Number
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
  int n, i, flag=0;
  printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
  scanf("%d",&n);
  for(i=2;i<=n/2;++i)
  {
      if(n%i==0)
      {
          flag=1;
          break;
      }
  }
  if (flag==0)
      printf("%d is a prime number.",n);
  else
      printf("%d is not a prime number.",n);
  return 0;
}

Write to a Sentence to a File?

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>  /* For exit() function */
int main()
{
   char c[1000];
   FILE *fptr;
   fptr=fopen("program.txt","w");
   if(fptr==NULL){
      printf("Error!");
      exit(1);
   }
   printf("Enter a sentence:\n");
   gets(c);
   fprintf(fptr,"%s",c);
   fclose(fptr);
   return 0;
}


Read a String of Text from File

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> /* For exit() function*/
int main()
{
   char c[1000];
   FILE *fptr;
   if ((fptr=fopen("program.txt","r"))==NULL){
       printf("Error! opening file");
       exit(1);         /* Program exits if file pointer returns NULL. */
   }
   fscanf(fptr,"%[^\n]",c);
   printf("Data from file:\n%s",c);
   fclose(fptr);
   return 0;
}


Fibonacci series up to n terms?
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
  int count, n, t1=0, t2=1, display=0;
  printf("Enter number of terms: ");
  scanf("%d",&n);
  printf("Fibonacci Series: %d+%d+", t1, t2); /* Displaying first two terms */
  count=2;    /* count=2 because first two terms are already displayed. */
  while (count<n) 
  {
      display=t1+t2;
      t1=t2;
      t2=display;
      ++count;
      printf("%d+",display);
  }
  return 0;
}

 Factorial program in c using recursion?
#include<stdio.h>
 long factorial(int);
 int main()
{
  int n;
  long f;
   printf("Enter an integer to find factorial\n");
  scanf("%d", &n); 
   if (n < 0)
    printf("Negative integers are not allowed.\n");
  else
  {
    f = factorial(n);
    printf("%d! = %ld\n", n, f);
  }
   return 0;
}
 long factorial(int n)
{
  if (n == 0)
    return 1;
  else
    return(n * factorial(n-1));
}

Factorial program in c using for loop

#include <stdio.h>
 int main()
{
  int c, n, fact = 1;
   printf("Enter a number to calculate it's factorial\n");
  scanf("%d", &n);
   for (c = 1; c <= n; c++)
    fact = fact * c;
   printf("Factorial of %d = %d\n", n, fact);
   return 0;
}